File Systems: EXT4, NTFS, FAT32 + Linux File System Hierarchy

 File System Management 📂: Organizes and controls the data stored on storage devices.

1. EXT4 (Fourth Extended File System) 📂

• Platform: Primarily used on Linux systems 🐧.
• Characteristics:
  • Journaling 📝: Keeps track of changes to help recover data after a crash.
  • File Size Support: Handles large files up to 16 TiB 📊.
  • Volume Size: Supports up to 1 EiB 📈.
  • Performance ⚡: Optimized to reduce fragmentation.
  • Compatibility: Native on Linux, not supported by Windows 🚫.

2. NTFS (New Technology File System) 🖥️

• Platform: Primarily used on Windows 💻.
• Characteristics:
  • Journaling 📝: Similar to EXT4, it ensures data recovery after crashes.
  • File Size Support: Up to 16 TiB 📂.
  • Volume Size: Can support volumes up to 256 TiB 📊.
  • Security 🔒: Features like file permissions, encryption, and disk quotas.
  • Performance ⚡: Better for large files but less efficient with smaller files.
  • Compatibility: Native to Windows, can be read/written on Linux via ntfs-3g.

3. FAT32 (File Allocation Table 32) 💾

• Platform: Cross-platform, works with Windows, Linux, macOS 📱💻.
• Characteristics:
  • File Size Limit ⛔: Maximum file size of 4 GB.
  • Volume Size Limit ⛔: Maximum volume size of 8 TB.
  • Compatibility 🌍: Universally supported across devices and OS.
  • Performance ⚡: Less efficient with large files compared to NTFS and EXT4.
  • Lack of Security 🚫: No journaling or advanced file permissions.

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Linux File System Hierarchy 📁

1. / (Root) 🌍

   • The top-most directory.

2. /bin 📦

   • Essential system binaries (e.g., ls, cp).

3. /boot 🚀

   • Boot-related files, including the kernel.

4. /dev ⚙️

   • Device files (e.g., /dev/sda for hard disks).

5. /etc 🛠️

   • Configuration files for system and apps.

6. /home 🏠

   • User home directories (e.g., /home/velluraju).

7. /lib 📚

   • Shared libraries needed for running programs.

8. /media 📀

   • Mount point for removable media (USBs, CD-ROMs).

9. /mnt 🔌

   • Temporary mount point for filesystems.

10. /opt 🛍️

    • Optional software packages.

11. /proc 📜

    • Virtual filesystem for kernel and process information.

12. /root 🔑

    • Home directory for the root (admin) user.

13. /sbin 🔧

    • System binaries for administrative tasks.

14. /srv 🛠️

    • Service-related data (e.g., web server files).

15. /sys ⚙️

    • Virtual filesystem for kernel and system hardware.

16. /tmp 🗑️

    • Temporary files that are cleared often.

17. /usr 🏢

    • User-related programs and data.

18. /var 📉

    • Variable data like logs and databases.